Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis is a condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS controls the motor, sensory and cognitive functioning of the body by processing and transmitting messages through a network of nerves. These nerves are covered by a fatty substance called myelin, which helps to conduct the messages. MS develops when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks this myelin, thinking that it is a foreign substance.

The purpose of our immune system is to protect the body from infection. A variety of cells (macrophages, T-cells, B-cells, and others) work together to destroy the invading cells and the cells it has infected. In normal circumstances, the body is able to distinguish between the body’s own cells and those that have invaded the immune system. However, in some circumstances, the body is unable to recognise one from the other and begins to attack the body’s healthy cells.

In MS, when the immune system attacks the nerves it damages or destroys the myelin sheath, causing inflammation in the area of attack. This process is known as demyelination. It causes the messages being sent by the CNS to slow down or become blocked. While the initial attack may not last long, scar tissue forms over the area. This scar tissue can be viewed as the white spots on an MRI scan, commonly referred to as plaques or lesions.

In many cases, the body is able to repair some of the damage caused by the attack. This process is known as remyelination. However, if the cells that produce myelin are damaged remyelination may not occur. Remyelinated myelin is often not as strong and after repeated attacks, remyelination may not occur at all. In addition to repairing damage, the body can sometimes find alternative routes to transmit messages, therefore lessening the impact of demyelination. This process is known as plasticity.

The frequency and extent of the attacks differ from person to person and also by the type of MS. Primary progressive MS is associated with much less inflammation or attacks than relapsing-remitting MS, although damage can be greater in the spinal cord area. As attacks differ so do the presence of symptoms as the location of lesions and the extent of the scarring determine the nature of the symptoms associated with MS.

 

Symptoms

The presence, severity and duration of all MS symptoms vary considerably from person to person. The unpredictable nature of the condition can sometimes make it hard to manage. However, over time, many people begin to notice patterns and triggers to their symptoms, and with appropriate treatment and intervention, many symptoms can be managed quite successfully.

Some of the symptoms of MS are immediately obvious. Reduced mobility is often the most visually apparent. Other symptoms such as fatigue, changes in sensation, memory and concentration problems are often ‘hidden’ symptoms and can be difficult to explain to others. No matter what the symptoms are, it is important to alert your GP or Neurologist when a new symptom appears, or an existing symptom changes.

Managing symptoms is not just about drug treatments, and many people find a healthy lifestyle also helps. A balanced diet, appropriate exercise and keeping stress at a minimum can give your body and mind the best chance to deal with symptoms. Some people with MS find complementary therapies helpful. Many of these therapies promote wellbeing holistically; the focus being on the person and not just the symptoms. Remember to speak to your doctor first before starting any form of alternative therapy.

Managing symptoms is part of the overall management of the effects of MS. Symptoms not only affect the functioning of the body physically, emotionally and cognitively, they can also affect your work, social life and family. It is important that you look at your everyday life and look at any changes you can which will help you manage your MS as successfully as possible.

https://www.ms-society.ie/about-ms/ms-info [1]